INKLUSIF (JURNAL PENGKAJIAN PENELITIAN SYARIAH DAN ILMU HUKUM)
Inklusif: Jurnal Pengkajian Penelitian Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum, published by the Department of Islamic Family Law, Postgraduate Program, Syekh Nurjati Cyber State Islamic University. Inklusif: Jurnal Pengkajian Penelitian Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum publishes research articles on Sharia and legal studies. Inklusif accepts legal research with normative and sociological approaches. The focus and scope of the Journal are research studies on Islamic law and legal science with the theme of Islamic Law: Islamic Criminal and Civil Law, Islamic Family Law, and the Application of Islamic Law in Indonesia. Themes in legal science are Criminal Law, Civil Law, International Law, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Economic Law, Medical Law, Customary Law, Environmental Law, and other related contemporary legal issues. First published in print in 2012 and online in 2016, Inklusif Journal aims to publish high-quality articles devoted to all aspects of recent Sharia studies and legal scholarship developments. INKLUSIF: Jurnal Pengkajian Penelitian Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum has ISSN 2548-9631 (Online) and 2303-2669 (Print). Inklusif has a Frequency of 2 editions per year (June and December).
Legal Consequences of Inter-Inmate Violence in Overcrowded Correctional Institutions: A Case Study of Kuningan Class IIA Prison
his study aims to analyse the legal consequences of violence between inmates under conditions of overcrowding at the Class IIA Kuningan Penitentiary. Overcrowding, or overcrowding exceeding the ideal capacity, is a significant factor in the increased potential for conflict and violence within the prison. The research method is a juridical-empirical approach that combines normative studies of correctional regulations with empirical analysis through interviews and field observations. The results show that violence between inmates has various legal consequences for both perpetrators and victims, including disciplinary sanctions, reduced behavioural assessments, restrictions on correctional rights, and the possibility of new criminal offences under the Criminal Code. For victims, violence requires special protection, rehabilitation, and strengthening of complaint mechanisms. Furthermore, overcrowding has been shown to worsen the effectiveness of correctional facilities and hinder the function of prisons as rehabilitative institutions. This study emphasises the need for correctional policy reform, including reducing overcrowding, increasing the number and competence of officers, and implementing a technology-based monitoring system to prevent future violence.
Copyright (c) 2025 INKLUSIF (JURNAL PENGKAJIAN PENELITIAN EKONOMI DAN HUKUM ISLAM) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reconstructing Child Custody Law in Indonesian Religious Courts: Integrating Islamic Law, Child Rights, and Substantive Justice
This study aims to propose a comprehensive model for reconstructing child-custody law in Indonesia’s religious courts by integrating Islamic family law, children’s rights, and substantive justice. Utilising a hermeneutic and descriptive-analytical approach to library research, the study analyses legal texts, court decisions, and relevant literature. The results reveal significant gaps between legal norms and actual judicial practices, particularly regarding the prioritisation of gender biases and legal formalities over child welfare. The study identifies that child custody decisions often overlook universal child protection principles and fail to consider substantive justice. The proposed model advocates for legal reforms, including enhancing judicial capacity, integrating psychological assessments, and promoting restorative justice in dispute resolution. This research contributes to family law reform by providing a comprehensive framework that centres child welfare in custody decisions, aiming for a more responsive and just legal system. Furthermore, it offers both conceptual and practical guidance to improve child protection in Indonesia’s family courts, address contemporary societal needs, and advance an inclusive, child-centred family law that balances progressive values with cultural sensitivity. The findings emphasise the importance of cross-sector collaboration in implementing these reforms, urging policymakers, judges, and child protection agencies to work together for the betterment of child welfare in legal proceedings.
The Existence of Cancellation of Grant in Religious Courts: A Legal Analysis and Maqashid Sharia of The Decision Number 6481/Pdt.G/2021/Pa.IM
Grants are given to others with no hope of existence, reward, or whatever, and are done willingly, without counter-performance from the party that gives. The giver still lives. Grants cannot be cancelled except for the grant parent to child matter, as mentioned in the hadith of the Prophet, KUHPER, and the Compilation of Islamic Law. The purpose of this study is to analyse the juridical aspects of Islamic Law, Positive Law and Maqashid Syariah above the judge’s decision in the case number 6481/Pdt.G/2021/PA.IM regarding the case cancellation grant. The research method used by the author, which involves descriptive research , is one of the forms of research that includes qualitative research. The data used in the study are qualitative. Qualitative data, namely data presented in verbal form, is not in a numerical form. Among others, search and collect data with classification, including primary data and secondary data. In research, the author uses interviews, documentation and observation for data collection. The results of the research from the judge’s considerations in deciding case number 6481/PDT.G/2021/PA.IM regarding the case cancellation grant, the panel of judges’ opinion is that the lawsuit plaintiff must state No cannot be accepted. This is in accordance with Circular Letter Supreme Court Number 3 of 2018, letter A, number 4. In the formulation of the law of the religious chamber that the lawsuit whose object of dispute is still a debt guarantee and the judge does not use other legal considerations, in fact the judge in deciding a case should be based on the law and/or statutory regulations related to the lawsuit, such as Article 212 of the KHI which allows parents to withdraw their gifts and Article 1688 of the Civil Code.
GENDER-BASED CYBER VIOLENCE IN CIREBON REGENCY: A CRITICAL GENDER AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
The rapid expansion of digital technology and social media has facilitated the emergence of Gender-Based Cyber Violence (GBCV). In Cirebon Regency, reported cases increased sharply from three in 2023 to eight in 2024, reflecting a 166 percent rise and highlighting the growing risks faced by women in digital environments. This study aims to comprehensively examine GBCV in Cirebon Regency by integrating gender analysis, feminist legal theory, positive law, and Islamic law to evaluate existing legal protections and formulate a more responsive and victim-centered protection framework. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using primary data from victims of GBCV, local government officials, NGO, and experts in Islamic and positive law, complemented by secondary data derived from relevant legal regulations. Data were collected through interviews, document analysis, FGD, and questionnaires to support a comprehensive qualitative analysis. The results show that from 2020 to 2025 the dominant forms of GBCV in Cirebon Regency were sexting (6 cases), cyber grooming (5 cases), and impersonation (5 cases). Contributing factors include low digital literacy, patriarchal norms, victim blaming, and the absence of a dedicated cybercrime unit within the Cirebon Police Resort. The legal analysis reveals that the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Sexual Violence Crime Law, and regional regulations remains insufficiently gender responsive, while the principles of maqaṣid shariah affirm that GBCV violates the protection of human dignity, honor, and life. This study contributes a gender informed and Islamic values-based integrative framework to enhance policies for protecting women in digital environments.
Surrogacy Law: Iran’s Framework and Structural Constraints in Indonesia
Surrogacy has been legalized in Iran, the only Muslim-majority country to formally accommodate the practice within its healthcare and legal systems. In contrast, despite a high prevalence of infertility, the Indonesian legal order remains closed to surrogacy due to persistent juridical, ethical, and theological contestation. Existing scholarship has largely examined these jurisdictions in isolation or has focused predominantly on theological prohibition, leaving limited comparative analysis of the structural limits of legal transplantation. Addressing this gap, this study employs a normative-comparative legal method to analyze primary legal materials, including Iran’s Civil Code and Indonesian health and family laws. The findings demonstrate that Iran validates surrogacy through Article 10 of its Civil Code and flexible Jaʿfari jurisprudence. Conversely, the study shows that surrogacy in Indonesia is structurally precluded by three interlocking dimensions: civil-contractual incompatibility with the requirement of a lawful cause, restrictive medical-administrative regulations grounded in mater semper certa est, and a dominant Sunni legal consensus classifying surrogacy as zina, thereby threatening the preservation of lineage (hifz al-nasl). This study concludes that Iran’s framework cannot be transplanted into Indonesia without fundamentally restructuring civil, medical, and religious legal norms, underscoring the contextual limits of legal transplantation in comparative Islamic bioethics and Indonesian legal reform discourse.
Family Communication and Coping Strategies on Soldier Children’s Independence: A Maqasid Al-Shariah Perspective
The dynamics of military families, characterized by high mobility and father absence due to operational duties, pose unique challenges to child development. This study aims to analyze the influence of family communication and coping strategies on the independence of soldiers’ children, viewed through the lens of Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah. Using a mixed-method explanatory sequential design, quantitative data were collected from 200 respondents in the Kodam III/Siliwangi battalion, followed by in-depth interviews with selected informants. The results indicate that family communication and coping strategies significantly influence children’s independence, explaining 75.5% of the variance. The study theoretically contributes to Islamic Family Law by reframing psychological resilience as a spiritual necessity: effective communication is hifz al-nafs (preservation of the soul). At the same time, adaptive coping strategies manifest as hifz al-din (preservation of religion) and hifz al-nasl (preservation of progeny). Practically, these findings urge military institutions to integrate spirituality-based counseling into family support programs.
Early Marriage in Hadith and Law: Analysis of Aisha’s Marriage and Legal Age Provisions
The phenomenon of early marriage remains a complex social and legal issue in Indonesia, illustrating the ongoing gap between religious texts, legal regulations, and social realities. This research departs from debates surrounding the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad’s marriage to ‘Aisha ra., which is often used as a religious justification for child marriage practices. The study aims to critically analyse the hadith through a socio-historical approach and the framework of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah, while assessing its conformity with Indonesian positive law. This research employs normative legal research with a qualitative perspective, relying on literature analysis of hadiths contained in Kutub al-Sittah, the views of classical Islamic jurists (fuqahā’), and national legal policies, particularly Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning the minimum marriage age. The findings reveal that classical scholars generally permitted marriage to al-ṣaghīrah based on specific historical and social contexts. However, contemporary scholars emphasise the need for contextual and purposive interpretation to ensure the protection of children from physical, psychological, and social harm. From the perspective of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah, this study highlights maṣlaḥah and harm prevention as fundamental legal principles. From a positive legal standpoint, setting the marriage age at 19 reflects harmonisation between Islamic law and child protection norms.
Islamic Legal Review of Waqf Land Ownership Transfer under Indonesian Law
This study aims to analyse the Islamic legal position on the transfer of ownership of waqf land and evaluate its conformity with the Indonesian waqf regulatory framework. Using a normative-juridical method, the research examines classical and contemporary fiqh references, Law No. 41 of 2004, Government Regulation No. 42 of 2006, and relevant legal documents to construct a systematic interpretation of the rules governing waqf property. The analysis identifies the legal basis for the prohibition of transferring waqf assets and assesses the coherence between sharia norms and national regulation. The results reveal that Islamic jurisprudence categorically upholds the permanence of waqf property, while practices at the administrative level remain vulnerable to irregularities, particularly in certification and oversight procedures. Weak institutional verification allows waqf assets to be at risk of being transferred or re-registered contrary to their legal status. This study contributes an evaluative framework for aligning Islamic legal principles with positive law and proposes policy improvements, including stronger cross-institutional verification and enhanced supervisory mechanisms to prevent unauthorised transfers of waqf assets.
Implementation of Digital-Based Inheritance Distribution in Islamic Law: A Maqaṣid al-Syari'ah Perspective
The study seeks to evaluate the feasibility of implementing a digital inheritance distribution system while maintaining the essential principles of fiqh al-mawārīts and the overarching aims of maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. Using a qualitative–descriptive approach grounded in library research, the analysis draws upon classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The findings demonstrate that digital tools can significantly improve the efficiency, precision, and transparency of determining the rightful shares of heirs. Sharia-oriented algorithms not only ensure accuracy in calculations but also reinforce procedural integrity and legal accountability. Viewed through the lens of maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, digitalization supports the preservation of wealth (ḥifẓ al-māl) and the protection of intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql) by minimizing human error and reducing opportunities for data manipulation. The study further reveals that the UU ITE’s acknowledgment of digital documents as legitimate evidence provides a firm legal basis for their implementation within religious judicial institutions. On the social front, the adoption of digital systems enhances public confidence in the fairness of Islamic legal processes and reduces the likelihood of family disputes. Ultimately, this research makes meaningful contributions to the development of Islamic legal technology and highlights potential future integrations, such as AI and blockchain, to support advanced inheritance management.
The Comparative Analysis of the Legal Implications of Hadhanah in Decision Number 2562/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Sbr and Decision Number 0037/Pdt.G/2016/PA.Bitg in the Perspective of Maqaṣid al-Syari’ah
This study examines the differences in the determination of custody rights in the Sumber Religious Court decision No. 2562/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Sbr and the decision of the Bitung Religious Court Number 0037/Pdt.G/2016/PA.Bitg, even though both refer to the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI). The divergence arises due to variations in trial facts, the child’s psychological condition, and the religious beliefs of the parties involved. Therefore, an analysis from the perspective of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah is essential to ensure that custody rulings not only adhere to normative provisions but also safeguard the child’s welfare. The main objectives of this research are to analyse the application of custody law in both cases and to compare them within the framework of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah. The research problems addressed are: (1) How was custody law applied in the Sumber and Bitung Religious Court decisions? and (2) How do these decisions differ when examined through the lens of maqāṣid al-sharī’ah? Using a normative juridical method with comparative and case study approaches, data were collected from legislation, Islamic legal scholarship, and official court rulings. Findings reveal that the Sumber Court prioritised maternal attachment and piety, while the Bitung Court prioritised protection of faith by granting custody to the father.
Environmental Law Enforcement Based on Law Number 32 Of 2009 and the Challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0
Law functions to protect various human interests and is implemented in both peaceful conditions and when violations occur. The decline in environmental quality due to the exploitation of natural resources is often justified in the name of people's welfare. This condition raises demands for effective environmental law enforcement amid the challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This research aims to analyze the impact of pollution and weak law enforcement, as well as examine the role of technology in improving legal effectiveness and formulating adaptive regulatory strategies in the digital era. This research employs a qualitative-descriptive approach, utilizing a library research method and inductive- deductive analysis, informed by various literature sources. The effectiveness of environmental law depends on fundamental principles, the application of technology, and collaborative law enforcement. Digital technology and industrial automation can strengthen the monitoring and transparency of ecological law if developed with an inclusive and fair approach. Law No. 32/2009 remains relevant, but requires adaptive policies. Keywords: Environmental Law, Industry 4.0, Revolution
Copyright (c) 2025 Inklusif: Jurnal Pengkajian Penelitian Syariah dan Ilmu Hukum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Concept of Childfree Perspective of Law Number 1 Year 1974 on Marriage and Compilation of Islamic Laws
Modernization in the current era has brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including the institution of Marriage. One emerging phenomenon is childfree, which refers to a couple's decision not to have children, either through natural birth or adoption. In Indonesian society, the presence of children is often seen as a blessing and a sign of trust in God. Still, the decision to live without children poses unique psychological and economic challenges for some individuals. This study aims to examine the principles of legal regulation related to the concept of childfree based on Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law. The study uses a qualitative method with a normative-descriptive approach, namely normative legal research that relies on literature studies and juridical analysis of legislation and relevant scientific works. Content analysis was used to interpret the data obtained. The results of the study indicate that although legislation emphasizes the importance of offspring in Marriage, there are no explicit provisions prohibiting couples from choosing to live without children. Legally, the child-free practice does not conflict with the marriage regulations in force in Indonesia. However, this decision remains a controversial issue in a society that strongly upholds family values.
Construction of the Legal Position of the Religious Affairs Office in Handling Early Marriage from the Perspective of Maqasid Usrah Jamaluddin 'Atiyyah
Early marriage is often motivated by economic, educational, and cultural factors. The Religious Affairs Office's efforts to prevent early marriage are less effective due to differences in perspectives between religion and the state. This study examines the legal position of the Religious Affairs Office in addressing early marriage in Sokaraja District and explores the views of maqashid al-usrah in preventing early marriage. Using a normative descriptive approach, the study found that early marriages in Sokaraja District were 29 cases in 2020, 23 cases in 2021, 40 cases in 2022, and 13 cases in 2023, representing a 67% decrease. The Sokaraja District Religious Affairs Office has socialized Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning marriage, which sets the ideal age limit for marriage at 19 years. This law considers legal psychological, biological, and other aspects. From a maqashid al-usrah perspective, the aim is to protect children's rights, maintain family structure, and support community welfare. The Office of Religious Affairs' efforts to prevent early marriage align with these goals. By socializing the marriage law and promoting awareness, the office contributes to achieving the objectives of maqashid al-usrah.
A Comparison of Domestic Violence Settlement from the Perspective of Islamic Law and Positive Law in Indonesia
The numerous cases of household violence in Indonesia suggest that the state still has significant work to do in addressing it. Despite having its claim laws, it appears that their execution still has deficiencies. The purpose of this paper is to examine how Islamic Law and Positive Law in Indonesia compare to Domestic Violence. A qualitative method with a normative approach is employed in this research. The research results show that the sanctions prescribed in Islamic law are based on the application of takzir, qishash, and diat. Meanwhile, positive law provides criminal sanctions and fines. The primary objective in criminal acts of physical violence within the family is to deter or punish the perpetrator so that peace and the progression of community life are maintained. The state plays a role in enforcing amar ma'ruf nahi munkar, including in household matters. The state is obliged to provide protection, services, and recovery for victims.
The Implementation of Disability Rights Fulfillment in the General Election in Kuningan Regency Based on Law No. 7 of 2017 on General Elections
This article examines the implementation of political rights for persons with disabilities during the General Election in Kuningan Regency, as outlined in Law Number 7 of 2017 on General Elections and Law Number 8 of 2016 on Persons with Disabilities. The research focuses on issues of accessibility and the effectiveness of electoral outreach. Using a normative legal method with a qualitative approach, this study examines legal frameworks, policy documents, and conducts interviews with relevant stakeholders. The findings reveal a significant gap between legal provisions and field implementation. Many polling stations remain physically inaccessible, and outreach programs often fail to consider the diversity of disability types. These barriers limit the participation of persons with disabilities in democratic processes. The study concludes that without accessible infrastructure and inclusive political communication, the right to vote and be elected cannot be fully realized for this marginalized group. It recommends stronger affirmative policies and collaboration between the General Election Commission, local authorities, and disability organizations to promote inclusive, non-discriminatory elections in line with human rights principles.
Juridical Disparity in Interfaith Inheritance Law: A Comparative Study Between Islamic Law and Positive Law in Indonesia
The plurality of religions in Indonesia presents significant challenges to the multidimensional implementation of the existing inheritance law. A particularly complex issue arises when heirs hold differing religious beliefs, which may occur due to interfaith marriages among their parents or individual conversions by the heirs themselves. This divergence in faith introduces a dualism of norms, as it contrasts the exclusive normative provisions of Islamic law with the inclusive approach espoused by Indonesian positive law, which seeks to promote substantive justice. This current research aims to investigate juridical disparities within interfaith inheritance law through a normative and comparative juridical approach. The findings suggest that the absence of an integrated legal framework leads to legal uncertainty, creating interpretative gaps that adversely affect individual civil rights. Consequently, this research advocates for the reformulation of national inheritance law arrangements and policies, emphasizing a foundation of sustainable and equitable legal pluralism.
Effectiveness of Electronic Court System (E-Court) in Kuningan Religious Court Based on PERMA Number 7 of 2022
The Kuningan Religious Court, as part of the national justice system, also implements E-Court based on applicable regulations, including PERMA Number 7 of 2022. This study aims to evaluate the impact of E-Court implementation on case resolution time and litigation costs at the Kuningan Religious Court. The research method used by the author is empirical juridical, where this research is descriptive and tends to use analysis and theory as a guideline so that the study focuses on facts in the field. The findings are to develop more measurable and specific effectiveness indicators that are relevant to the context of the Kuningan Religious Court and PERMA Number 7 of 2022. For example, not only measuring the general case resolution time but also measuring the impact of E-Court on specific stages regulated in the new PERMA. With the implementation of PERMA Number 7 of 2022, the Kuningan Religious Court has contributed to the realization of the principles of fast, simple, and low-cost justice. The conclusion obtained is that E-Court at the Kuningan Religious Court is systematically starting from online registration (E-Filling), online payment (E-Payment), online summons of parties (E-Summon), and electronic trials (E-Litigation) has been effective. There are several supporting and inhibiting factors in the Implementation of E-Court, namely in terms of supporting factors are Human Resources (HR) and Adequate Facilities and Facilities, Reducing Litigation Costs and Good Internet Networks while inhibiting factors Constrained Calls and e-court System Network Error.
Legal Analysis Of Mediation In The Settlement Of Joint Property Disputes In Marriage In Terms Of Islamic Law And Positive Law
Joint Property has become a polemic in Indonesia’s Islamic legal discourse and legal system. Initially, the assets brought by the husband did not have any identification, nor did those brought by the wife. Such assets are inherited assets of both parties, which are identified as the personal property of the husband or wife. The assets a husband and wife produce during marriage are a logical consequence of marriage. The aim of this research is firstly to find out more about Islamic law regarding mediation in resolving marital property disputes. Secondly, I want to find out more about the positive legal review of mediation in resolving marital property disputes. This research was conducted using a Normative Juridical approach. The specifications of this research are descriptive analysis. The conclusion that can be obtained is that mediation in the distribution of joint property in Islamic law has no specific rules but only provides general guidelines for resolving joint property problems without causing disputes. Second, Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Court makes mediation part of the court process. In court to obtain peaceful efforts through the mediation process as contained in the Procedural Law Article 130 HIR or Article 154 RBg.
Copyright (c) 2024 INKLUSIF: JURNAL PENGKAJIAN PENELITIAN SYARIAH DAN ILMU HUKUM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Law Enforcement Against Surveillance Of Illegal Gold Mining Crimes In Review Of Positive Law And Islamic Law (Case Study In Wasirawi Village, Masni District,Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province)
The mining management system in Indonesia is pluralistic due to the various mining contracts or licenses currently in force. For this reason, it is necessary to take action in all components of the nation, including law enforcement, both in positive law and Islamic law. This research aims to find law enforcement against the supervision of illegal gold mining crimes by reviewing the perspective of positive law and Islamic law (case study in Wasirawi Village, Masni District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province). The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of this study are as follows: First, the role of the government in curbing illegal nickel mining in Waserawi Village, Masni District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province, from all functions, still needs to be stronger. The mining sector is very vulnerable to violations of the law. Therefore, regulations are formed that can regulate the mining business sector, namely in Law Number 3 of 2020 concerning Amendments to Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining. Second, MUI, as an institution that provides fatwas, issued a fatwa on the law of environmentally friendly mining on 26 May 2011. The fatwa states that mining activities that do not bring prosperity to the community are haram. In Islamic law, illegal miners are included in the realm of ta‟zir punishment, so Ulil Amri can make Ijtihad to determine the type of punishment.
The Political Law Stipulating The Age Of Marriage In Law No. 16/2019 And Its Impact On Family Harmony
This study aims to discover the debate regarding the age limit of marriage and the impact of early marriage on family harmony. The method used is the Normative Juridical approach. Data are obtained through literature and documentary studies and then analyzed qualitatively. The results of this study are as follows: First, the politics of law in Law No. 16 of 2019 is divided into subjective and objective dimensions. The value of justice for the age limit of marriage is realized by equalizing the minimum age of marriage of 19 years for men and women. The value of legal certainty in the regulations of Law No. 16 of 2019 has yet to be realized because there are no sanctions for violators, and there is a loophole for dispensation without clear requirements. Second, Islamic Law Review of Law No. 16 of 2019. Equality of the minimum age limit of 19 years is not contrary to Islamic law. Marriage is also considered good and safe because it has exceeded the age limit of puberty, according to the opinion of Islamic jurists. Third, the impact of underage marriage on family harmony affects the resilience of the family that is built. Economic, psychological, emotional, and mental unpreparedness. So that sustainable economic security is not achieved.
The Crime Of Money Laundering (Tppu) According To Positive Law And Islamic Law And Its Implications For The Family (Study on the Analysis of Decision No. 86/Pid.B/2021/PN.Mnk of Manokwari District Court, West Papua Province)
Money laundering is a process carried out by a person or organization against illicit money, namely money originating from crime, to hide data and disguise the origin of the funds from the government or the competent authority. Money in the financial system, utilizing bank and non-bank services, includes stock exchanges, insurance, and foreign exchange trading so that this money can be issued from the economic system as halal money. The purpose of this study is first to examine more deeply the review of Islamic criminal law on corporate responsibility in money laundering according to Law No. Deeper into the impact and implications of money laundering crimes against families. The research method used by the author is qualitative, a normative juridical approach, which seeks to synchronize the legal provisions that apply in the legal protection of other legal norms or regulations with their relation to the application of these legal regulations in practice in the field. The type of research used is library research. The conclusions are as follows: First, Islamic law in money laundering is identified with embezzlement (ghulûl). Second, accountability for money laundering is regulated in Law No. 8 of 2010 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering Crimes (UU PP - TPPU). The predicate crimes of money laundering are regulated in Article 2 paragraph (1), namely: corruption, bribery, narcotics, psychotropics, labor smuggling, migrant smuggling in the banking sector, the capital market sector, the insurance sector, customs, excise, human trafficking, illegal arms trade, terrorism, kidnapping, theft, embezzlement, fraud, counterfeiting money, gambling, prostitution, in the fields of taxation, forestry, environment, maritime affairs and fisheries, and other crimes punishable by imprisonment for 4 (four) years or more. Third, the impact and implications of money laundering on families have many impacts, namely economic impacts, changes in children’s behavior, impacts of a mother becoming the head of the household, and psychological effects.
PROTECTION OF CHILD VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW AND POSITIVE LAW (Case Study at the Subang District Attorney‘s Office, West Java Province)
Cases of violence against children still occur frequently; tragically, in many cases of violence against children, the perpetrators most often come from the family environment or the environment where the child is. The purpose of this study is first to explore the occurrence of violence against children in the family, second to examine more deeply the legal protection of child victims of violence in the family based on Islamic Family Law and Positive Law at the Subang District Attorney‘s Office, and third to examine more deeply the development of handling child victims of violence in the family based on Islamic Family Law and Positive Law at the Subang District Attorney‘s Office. The research method used by the author is qualitative, where this research is descriptive and tends to use analysis and theory as a guide so that the study focuses on the facts in the field. The type of research used is field research. The research approach used is descriptive. The conclusions obtained are: First, the factors that cause violence against children in the family are two things, namely internal factors, including economic factors; factors that are not biological children, educational factors; external factors, including factors of the child‘s behavior, and social, environmental factors. Second, Islam strictly prohibits acts of violence, especially in educating and caring for children. However, this prohibition does not apply in terms of ubūdiyyah or tarbiyyatuddinniyyah. Child protection, according to positive law, is divided into two, namely, Preventive legal protection and Repressive legal protection. Third, Development in child maintenance, namely parenting, maintaining children, and educating children. The development of handling child abuse in the family at the Subang District Attorney‘s Office is to provide maximum protection to children and their rights, namely providing legal sanctions for the perpetrators of criminal acts so that they do not continue their criminal acts as well as giving a fear effect on others so as not to commit the same criminal acts by paying fines that must be given to victims or restitution.
Corruption In The Legal Views Of Baharuddin Lopa And Artidjo Alkostar From The Perspective Of Criminal Law And Islamic Law
Corruption in Indonesia has become a fundamental problem and has even become so deeply rooted that it is difficult to eradicate. This can be seen in Indonesia‟s increasingly widespread criminal acts of corruption. This research aims to discover the law enforcement principles of Baharuddin Lopa and Artidjo Alkostar, as well as the views of Islamic law on corruption. The research method used is qualitative research. The results of this study are as follows: first, Baharuddin Lopa is a prosecutor who consistently fights for the eradication of corruption in Indonesia through a brilliant breakthrough, namely the principle of reverse proof, or the defendant must prove that his property is halal or legal. In upholding justice, Baharuddin Lopa holds the principles of religion, integrity, and spirit. Artidjo Alkostar started his career as a Supreme Court Justice in 2000 and retired on 22 May 2018. Artidjo‟s work as a Supreme Court judge is notable because he dared to differ from the other judges in the case of former President Soeharto and the Bank Bali scandal with the defendant Djoko Soegiarto Tjandra. Second, corruption in Islam is an act that violates Sharia. In the context of broader Islamic teachings, corruption is an act that contradicts the principles of justice (al-Adalah), accountability (al-amanah), and responsibility. Corruption, with all its negative impacts, can cause various distortions to the life of the state and society.
Legal Protection For Juvenile Offenders In The Criminal Justice Process (Comparative Study Of Islamic Law And Positive Law In Indonesia)
This study aims to determine the rights of children who commit criminal offenses in the judicial and investigative processes in legal protection. The method used is the normative juridical and sociological juridical approach. The results of this study are as follows: first, the investigation process at the Polres is carried out by child investigators who are accompanied by parents/guardians, legal counsel, and Bapas. At the Polsek level, the investigation is carried out by investigators who usually conduct investigations on adults due to the need for more human resources. Legal counsel must accompany children who are still suspects. There is no intimidation during the investigation process; everything is done according to the investigation procedure for children. Second, children’s rights during the trial period are fulfilled and protected by judges and public prosecutors by the Law on Juvenile Justice System. The rights contained in Article 3 of Law No. 11/2012 have fully met the principles of legal protection consisting of 4 (four) principles: The child cannot fight alone, the best interests of the child, the life cycle approach, and cross-sectoral. Keywords: Protection, law, juvenile offenses
PENDEKATAN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA PENCABULAN ANAK DI BAWAH UMUR MENURUT PERSPEKTIF MAQASHID SYARIAH
Peningkatan jumlah kasus pencabulan yang terjadi membuat ketidaknyamanan masyarakat. Apalagi tindak pidana ini sering dilakukan oleh orang-orang terdekat korban. Di Indonesia sangat marak akan kasus pencabulan yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang terdekat yang ternyata ada disekitar kita. Seperti dilakukan oleh ayah kandung, ayah tiri, paman, kakak kandung, tetangga, guru dan lain-lain. Seperti yang terjadi pada kasus pada penelitian tesis ini, dimana pelaku merupakan paman dari korban yang masih berumur di bawah umur. Untuk itu guna merukunkan kembali hubungan kekeluargaan diantara para pihak dibutuhkan pendekatan restorative justice terhadap penyelesaian permasalahan ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pertama untuk mengetahui lebih dalam pendekatan restorative justice terhadap pelaku tindak pidana pencabulan kepada anak di bawah umur, Kedua untuk mengetahui lebih dalam perspektif maqashid syariah pada pendekatan restorative justice terhadap tindak pidana pencabulan anak di bawah umur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah metode kualitatif, dimana penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dan cenderung menggunakan analisis dan memanfaatkan teori sebagai pemandu agar fokus penelitian sesuai dengan fakta di lapangan, sumber utama dalam tesis ini yaitu wawancara secara langsung dengan para Advokat pada kantor Trafalgar Law Office serta para pihak baik korban maupun saksi, dan pihak Kepolisian serta melakukan pengumpulan dokumen perkara yang berkaitan dengan penulisan. Kesimpulan yang dapat diperoleh adalah Pertama bahwa pendekatan restorative justice yang dilakukan oleh tim advokat Trafalgar Law Office terhadap tindak pidana pencabulan anak di bawah umur dengan mendorong pihak keluarga korban dan pelaku agar dapat melakukan musyawarah secara kekeluargaan.. Kedua, Perspektif maqashid syariah atas pendekatan restorative justice yang dilakukan oleh tim advokat Trafalgar Law Office terhadap kasus dugaan pencabulan anak di bawah umur yang dilakukan oleh paman kepada ponakannya tersebut juga tidak bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai dasar sebagaimana yang disyariatkan dalam hukum Islam. Islam mengajarkan kita untuk untuk saling memaafkan. Seperti prinsip Al-Quran Mua’syarah bi al-ma’ruf keutuhan dan kerukunan kita sesama manusia untuk hidup bahagia, aman, tentram dan damai yang merupakan dambaan setiap orang. Â
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UPAYA PEMULIHAN PSIKOLOGIS ANAK KORBAN KEKERASAN SEKSUAL BERDASARKAN MAQASHID SYARI’AH DI YAYASAN RUMAH AMAN WADAH KREATIF CIREBON
Kasus kekerasn seksual terhadap anak masih kerap terjadi, tragisnya dalam banyak kasus kekerasan seksual terhadap anak, pelaku paling sering berasal dari lingkungan keluarga atau lingkungan di mana anak tersebut berada (rumah, masyarakat, sekolah, dan lain-lain). Wujud perlindungan dalam Islam termuat dalam konsep Maqashid Syariah yang setidaknya mencakup 5 bentuk perlindungan yakni: hifdz al-din (menjaga agama), hifdz an-nafs (menjaga jiwa), hifdz al-aql (menjaga akal), hifdz an-nasl (menjaga kehormatan/ keluarga) dan hifdz al-mal (menjaga harta). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pertama untuk mengetahui lebih dalam psikologis anak korban kekerasan seksual pasca ditangani oleh Yayasan Rumah Aman Wadah Kreatif Cirebon. Kedua, Untuk mengkaji lebih upaya penanganan secara psikologis yang dilakukan oleh Yayasan Rumah Aman Wadah Kreatif Cirebon terhadap anak korban kekerasan seksual. Ketiga, Untuk mengkaji lebih dalam perlindungan anak korban kekerasan seksual berdasarkan Maqosid Syari’ah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah metode kualitatif, dimana penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dan cenderung menggunakan analisis dan memanfaatkan teori sebagai pemandu agar fokus penelitian sesuai dengan fakta di lapangan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan (field research), yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan secara sistematis dan mengambil data di lapangan, seperti mengamati lingkungan dan mengambil data yang dibutuhkan untuk penelitian dalam bentuk wawancara. Pendekatan Penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Kesimpulan yang dapat diperoleh adalah Pertana bahwa kondisi psikologis anak sebelum dibina oleh yayasan rumah aman anak cenderung stress, pendiam, mengalami perasaan tidak berharga, bahwa dirinya tidak berguna dan menjadi anak yang tidak diinginkan. Kedua, penangan psikologis yayasan rumah aman adalah dengan pendekatan Exposure therapy,dan Cognitive Therapy. Ketiga, kekerasan seksual ditinjau dari sudut pandang Hukum Islam dalam konsep Maqashid Syariah berada pada posisi yang sangat urgen, yakni pada tingkatan derajat dharuriyyah.
LEGITIMASI PERKAWINAN BEDA AGAMA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM POSITIF
Perkawinan ialah sah menurut hukum agama dan kepercayaan sebagaimana yang telah diatur dalam UU No.1 Tahun 1974. Akan tetapi, melihat pada karektiristik masyarakat Indonesia yang plural dengan berbagai agama, mengakibatkan dapat terjadinya perkawinan beda agama. Pemberlakuan UU No. 23 Tahun 2006 menjadi sarana bagi para pelaku perkawinan beda agama agar perkawinan dapat dilangsungkan tanpa berdasarkan pada hukum agama. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yaitu mengenai pandangan hukum islam dan hukum posistif mengenai perkawinan beda agama di Indonesia serta pertimbangan hakim terkait legitimasi perkawinan beda agama di Â Indonesia. Penelitian ini Â menggunakan pendekatan secara empiris dan normatif. Pada teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melaui wawancara serta studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pandangan hukum islam melarang perkawinan beda agama. Berdasarkan hukum positif, pengaturan perkawinan beda agama hanya sebatas pada pencatatan perkawinan yang bersifat administratif. Akan tetapi pada prakteknya, hakim dapat menafsirkan lain terhadap bunyi suatu pasal. Sehingga terhadap kasus yang sama, pertimbangan hukum hakim dapat berbeda antara hakim yang satu dengan hakim yang lain.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DAN ANAK DALAM KONSTRUKSI HUKUM POSITIF (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Majalengka Provinsi Jawa Barat)
Di Indonesia tindak kekerasan terhadap perempuan dan anak secara umum merupakan masalah yang banyak dialami oleh banyak perempuan dan anak , karena masalah ibarat sebuah piramid yang kecil pada puncaknya tetapi besar pada bagian dasarnya, sebab untuk mendapatkan angka yang pasti sangatlah sulit. Terlebih jika tindak kekerasan tersebut terjadi dalam rumah tangga, karena masalah tersebut masih dianggap tabu dan masih dianggap sebagai masalah keluarga yang diselesaikan secara kekeluargaan. Hal ini menunjukkan masih banyak korban perempuan dan anak mengalami kekerasan dalam rumah tangga menutup mulut dan menyimpan persoalan tersebut rapat-rapat. Adapun tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui lebih dalam regulasi-regulasi baik nasional maupun daerah terkait Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan Perempuan dan anak, untuk mengetahui lebih dalam implentasi / pelaksanaan perlindungan hukum terhadap perempuan dan anak di wilayah Kabupaten Majalengka, untuk mengetahui lebih dalam kendala penegakan hukum dalam mengimplementasikan perlindungan perempuan dan anak korban kekerasan di wilayah Kabupaten Majalengka. Metode yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari langkah- langkah berikut, Penulis akan melakukan penelitian dengan mendasarkan pada pendekatan yuridis empiris, yaitu suatu pendekatan yang dilakukan untuk menganalisis tentang sejauhmana suatu peraturan atau perundang- undangan berlaku secara efektif. Pendekatan (empiris) dimaksudkan sebagai usaha mendekati masalah yang diteliti dengan sifat hukum yang nyata atau sesuai dengan kenyataan yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Kekerasan terhadap perempuan dan anak di kabupaten majalengka mengalami kenaikan dari tahun 2021 sebanyak 20 kasus meningkat di tahun 2022 menjadi 43 kasus, dari data tersebut banyak perkara seksual anak di bawah umur dan banyak dilakukaan oleh orang terdekat. Factor utamanya adalah rendahnya pendidikan dan ekonomi masyarakat, pengaruh internet, serta minimnya pemahaman terhadap sex penegakan hukum terhadap kasus perempuan dan anak sudah berjalan dengan baik atara lembaga penegak hukum yang ada di kabupaten majalengka, masing-masing lembaga sudah melaksanakan tufoksinya msaing-masing seperti DP3AKB Kab. Majalengka, Polres Majalengka, Kejaksan Negeri Majalengka akan tetapi sedikit terkendalan terkait dengan minimnya anggaran dalam penanganan perkaraa tersebut dan keberanian masyarakat untuk melaporkan tindak pidana serta belum terlaksananya kabupaten layak perempuan dan anak di Kabupaten Majalengka.
KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA SEBAGAI ALASAN PERCERAIAN DI PENGADILAN AGAMA (Analisis Putusan Pengadilan Agama Sumber No. 6223/pdt.g/2022/PA.Sbr dan Putusan Pengadilan Agama Majalengka No. 3505/pdt.g/2022/PA.Mjl)
Perkawinan adalah langkah awal bagi laki-laki dan wanita untuk membentuk keluarga yang bahagia dan kekal. Namun dalam kenyataannya, tidak semua perkawinan dapat mewujudkan tujuan dari perkawinan itu sendiri, bahkan seringkali perkawinan harus putus di tengah jalan, dan salah satu penyebabnya adalah kekejaman/kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh salah satu pihak (suami/istri), yang dikenal dengan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Peradilan Agama sebagai sebuah instrumen pencari keadilan, diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan sengketa keluarga yang dapat mencegah timbulnya perpecahan lebih jauh dalam keluarga, terutama dalam perkara perceraian dengan alasan kekerasan di dalam rumah tangga. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu, pertama untuk mengetahui konsep kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dan Â Perceraian menurut Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Kedua untuk mengetahui pembuktian dalam perkara perceraian dengan alasan adanya kekerasan dalam rumah tangga di Pengadilan Agama. Ketiga untuk menganalisis Putusan Pengadilan Agama Sumber No. 6223/pdt.g/2022/PA.Sbr dan Putusan Pengadilan Agama Majalengka No. 3505/pdt.g/2022/PA.Mjl menurut Â Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan Yuridis Normatif yaitu dengan cara meneliti bahan-bahan pustaka atau data sekunder berkaitan dengan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga sebagai alasan terjadinya perceraian menurut UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 dan KHI. Spesifikasi penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analisis. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder, yaitu data yang diperoleh dari bahan-bahan pustaka yang dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan studi dokumenter, yang kemudian dianalisa secara kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: pertama Konsep kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang dapat menjadi alasan terjadinya perceraian di dalam Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam, yakni terdiri dari: a) Kekerasan psikis, b) Kekerasan fisik, c) Penelantaran ekonomi, Kedua Proses pembuktian dalam perkara perceraian dengan alasan adanya kekerasan dalam rumah tangga di Pengadilan Agama, yaitu : a) Dengan alasan salah satu pihak melakukan perbuatan zina, b) Dengan alasan syiqaq, c) Dengan alasan selain tersebut di zina dan syiqaq. Ketiga Kebanyakan kasus-kasus kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang ditangani oleh Pengadilan Agama “tersembunyiâ€ dalam perkara-perkara cerai gugat Alasan istri meminta cerai pada umumnya adalah penelantaran ekonomi oleh sang suami, suatu tindakan yang menurut Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 Tentang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga merupakan salah satu bentuk kekerasan dalam rumah tangga.
PENETAPAN DISPENSASI NIKAH SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN PERNIKAHAN USIA DINI KARENA KEHAMILAN DI PENGADILAN AGAMA MAJALENGKA
Dispensasi nikah adalah pemberian izin nikah oleh pengadilan kepada calon mempelai laki-laki atau perempuan yang masih dibawah batas usia nikah dikarenakan terdapat alasan mendesak untuk segera dinikahkan. Pada penetapan nomor 0643/Pdt.P/2022/Pa,Mjl telah terjadi keadaan mendesak yakni calon mempelai perempuan telah dalam keadaan hamil pasal 53 KHI mengatur tentang kawin hamil akan tetapi hakim Pengadilan Agama Agama tidak menggunakan ketentuan tersebut sebagai bahan pertimbangan, selain itu juga hakim Pengadilan Agama Majalengka mengabulkan permohonan tanpa menggunakan pertimbangan undang-undang perlindungan anak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah pertama untuk mengetahui lebih dalam dasar pertimbangan hukum hakim pengadilan agama majalengka mengenai pemberian dispensasi nikah karena hamil diluar nikah atas penetapan Nomor 0463/Pdt.P/2022.PA.Mjl, Kedua untuk mengetahui lebih dalam analisis yuridis pemberian dispensasi karena hamil diluar nikah terhadap penetapan Pengadilan Agama Majalengka Nomor 0463/Pdt/P/2022/PA.Mjl, Ketiga untuk mengetahui lebih dalam analisis hukum islam tentang pemberian dispensasi nikah karena hamil diluar nikah terhadap penetapan Pengadilan Agama Majalengka Nomor 0463/Pdt/P/2022/PA.Mjl. Metode penelitian yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah metode kualitatif, Adapun pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis dan normative. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian Kepustakaan (Library Research), yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan secara sistematis dan mengambil data dari berbagai literatur. Pada penelitian ini sumber data primernya adalah penetapan nomor 0643/Pdt.P/2022/Pa.Mjl. Kesimpulan yang dapat diperoleh adalah Pertama Dasar Pertimbangan Hukum Hakim Pengadilan Agama Majalengka Mengenai Pemberian Dispensasi Nikah karena Hamil Diluar Nikah Atas Penetapan Nomor 0463/Pdt.P/2022.PA.Mjl lebih mengedepankan fakta hukum yang diajukan oleh para pemohon. Kedua, pertimbangan hakim pada penetapan dispensasi nikah melihat dari undang-undang pernikahan, tetapi tidak memilhat dari aspek lain, semisal undang-undang perlindungan anak. Â Ketiga, hukum islam tidak memberikan aturan pasti terkait dengan umur dibolehkannya menikah, akan tetapi hanya berpatokan kepada usia Mukallaf (Baligh dan berakal), selain itu hakim menimbang berdasarkan qowaidh fiqhiyyah kitab Asybah wan Nadhaairi halaman 62 bertujuan untuk menolak kemafsadatan dan lebih mengutamakan sisi kemaslahatan.