1. Word-for-Word Plagiarism
Using another author’s exact words without proper citation or acknowledgment of the original source.

2. Plagiarism of Sources
Using another person’s ideas, arguments, or concepts without giving appropriate recognition or citation.

3. Plagiarism of Authorship
Claiming another person’s work or manuscript as one’s own authorship.

4. Self-Plagiarism
Republishing the same article in multiple publications or reusing substantial portions of previous work without significant modification. Authors must ensure that any reused material contributes meaningfully to a new scholarly work and provides original value for readers.