Dinamika Spiritual dan Pemikiran Metafisika Ibn ‘Arabi The Spiritual Journey and Metaphysical Thought of Ibn 'Arabi

Abstract

ABSTRAK: Ibnu Arabi identik dengan konsep Wahdatul Wujud. Doktrin esoterisnya menjadi pijakan dan prinsip serta jalan mengenal Sang Realitas. Meskipun ajarannya menurut Schuon dianggap sebagai spiritual paradox, tetapi hal ini yang membedakan antara tasawuf amaliah pendahulunya, sementara Ibnu Arabi menjadikan tasawufnya sebagai ajaran metafisis. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode pembacaan hermeneutic-phenomenology Richard Maurice Bucke, dan fenomenologi hermenetika Heidegger untuk mengungkapkan fenomena secara ontologis,  dalam menganalisa tiga buku Ibnu Arabi yakni, Futuhat al Makkiyah, Fushush al- Hikam dan Syajarah al-Kawun untuk menemukan makna spiritual ajaran Ibnu Arabi, dengan mengurai tiga konsep metafisikanya, yaitu al-Haqq, tanzih tasbih, dan al-a’yan al-tsabitah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga konsep tersebut membentuk suatu struktur metafisika yang saling berkaitan. Al-Haqq merupakan Realitas Absolut yang tidak terbatas dan tidak dapat sepenuhnya dijangkau oleh konsep maupun bahasa manusia. Relasi antara aspek transendensi dan imanensi Tuhan dijelaskan melalui kesatuan tanzih dan tasybih, sehingga Tuhan dipahami sekaligus melampaui segala sesuatu dan hadir melalui manifestasi nama serta sifat-Nya. Sementara itu, al-A‘yan al-Tsabitah berfungsi sebagai hakikat-hakikat tetap dalam ilmu Ilahi yang menjadi penghubung antara al-Haqq dan alam fenomenal. Keseluruhan struktur tersebut berlangsung melalui proses tajalli secara bertingkat, sehingga alam tidak dipahami sebagai realitas yang identik dengan Tuhan, melainkan sebagai manifestasi keberadaan-Nya. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Wahdat al-Wujud dalam pemikiran Ibn ‘Arabi tidak hanya merupakan doktrin tentang kesatuan wujud, tetapi juga merupakan arsitektur metafisika yang mengintegrasikan dimensi ontologis dan spiritual dalam memahami hubungan antara Realitas Absolut, manifestasi wujud, dan alam.
Kata Kunci: Ibn ‘Arabi; Wahdatul Wujud; Esoterik; Fenomenologi.

ABSTRACT: Ibn Arabi is widely associated with the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud (the Unity of Being). His esoteric doctrine serves as a foundation, guiding principle, and spiritual path toward knowing the Ultimate Reality. Although Schuon characterizes his teachings as a form of spiritual paradox, this very characteristic distinguishes Ibn Arabi's thought from the practical Sufism of his predecessors, as he developed Sufism into a metaphysical doctrine. This study employs a qualitative approach using Richard Maurice Bucke's hermeneutic phenomenology and Heidegger's phenomenological hermeneutics to explore phenomena ontologically. The analysis focuses on three major works by Ibn Arabi—Futuhat al-Makkiyyah, Fusus al-Hikam, and Shajarat al-Kawn—to uncover the spiritual significance of his teachings by examining three central metaphysical concepts: al-Haqq, tanzih and tashbih, and al-A'yan al-Thabitah. The findings demonstrate that these three concepts constitute an interconnected metaphysical structure. Al-Haqq represents the Absolute Reality, which is infinite and cannot be fully apprehended through human concepts or language. The relationship between God's transcendence and immanence is articulated through the unity of tanzih and tashbih, whereby God is understood as simultaneously transcending all things and being present through the manifestation of His Names and Attributes. Meanwhile, al-A'yan al-Thabitah refers to the immutable entities within Divine Knowledge that function as an intermediary between al-Haqq and the phenomenal world. This entire metaphysical structure unfolds through the successive process of tajalli (self-disclosure or manifestation), whereby the world is not understood as identical with God, but rather as a manifestation of His Being. Thus, this study demonstrates that Wahdat al-Wujud in Ibn Arabi's thought is not merely a doctrine concerning the unity of Being, but also a metaphysical architecture that integrates ontological and spiritual dimensions in understanding the relationship between Absolute Reality, the manifestation of Being, and the phenomenal world.
Keywords: Ibn ‘Arabi; Wahdat al-Wujud; Esoterism; Hermeneutic.