From Moral Advocacy to Coercive Protest: A Six-Dimensional Normative Framework Grounded in Mill’s Harm Principle for Evaluating Vegan Activism Dari Advokasi Moral menuju Protes Koersif: Kerangka Normatif Enam Dimensi Berlandaskan Prinsip Kerugian Mill untuk Mengevaluasi Aktivisme Vegan

Abstract

ABSTRACT: This study examines the ethical boundary between persuasive advocacy, disruptive protest, and fanatical coercion in vegan activism by analysing how moral identity, stigma, movement boundaries, digital representation, and public responses shape activist practices and their ethical evaluation. It employs a structured narrative literature review, thematic synthesis, and philosophical analysis of twelve purposively selected peer-reviewed publications issued between 2017 and 2025 and identified through Google Scholar, publisher databases, and academic library catalogues. The themes were evaluated primarily through Mill’s Harm Principle, supplemented by Rousseau’s account of civic freedom and Voltaire’s theory of tolerance. Six themes emerged: moral and social identity; lifestyle and collective activism; perceived moral threat, prejudice, and stigma; movement-boundary disputes; digital mediation and contested representation; and public responses to vegan protest. The findings show that strong moral commitment and public disapproval do not independently constitute fanaticism. Rather, the ethical threshold is crossed when tactics seriously restrict agency or safety through intimidation, threats, confinement, dangerous obstruction, or sustained personalized harassment. Building on this normative analysis, the study develops a conduct-based account of fanatical coercion and constructs a six-dimensional normative framework encompassing severity, agency, responsibility, proportionality, safeguards, and reciprocity. Developed in this study rather than directly formulated by Mill, the framework is grounded primarily in Mill’s Harm Principle and supplemented by Rousseau’s account of civic freedom and Voltaire’s theory of tolerance. It distinguishes morally unsettling or disruptive advocacy from coercive interference and may assist activists, public authorities, and media institutions in evaluating tactics while regulating harmful conduct rather than political viewpoints.
Keywords: Fanatical Coercion; Harm Principle; Moral Identity; Protest Ethics; Vegan Activism

ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini mengkaji batas etis antara advokasi persuasif, protes disruptif, dan pemaksaan fanatik dalam aktivisme vegan dengan menganalisis bagaimana identitas moral, stigma, batas gerakan, representasi digital, dan respons publik membentuk praktik aktivisme serta penilaian etis terhadapnya. Penelitian menggunakan tinjauan literatur naratif terstruktur, sintesis tematik, dan analisis filosofis terhadap dua belas publikasi ilmiah yang telah melalui telaah sejawat, diterbitkan pada 2017–2025, dan dipilih secara purposif melalui Google Scholar, basis data penerbit, serta katalog perpustakaan akademik. Tema-tema yang ditemukan dievaluasi terutama melalui Prinsip Kerugian Mill, dengan dukungan konsep kebebasan sipil Rousseau dan teori toleransi Voltaire. Enam tema diidentifikasi: identitas moral dan sosial; gaya hidup dan aktivisme kolektif; ancaman moral yang dipersepsikan, prasangka, dan stigma; perselisihan batas gerakan; mediasi digital dan representasi yang diperdebatkan; serta respons publik terhadap protes vegan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komitmen moral yang kuat dan penolakan publik tidak dengan sendirinya merupakan fanatisme. Batas etis terlampaui ketika taktik secara serius membatasi agensi atau keselamatan melalui intimidasi, ancaman, pengurungan, penghalangan berbahaya, atau pelecehan personal berkelanjutan. Berdasarkan analisis normatif tersebut, penelitian ini mengembangkan konsep pemaksaan fanatik berbasis perilaku dan membangun kerangka normatif enam dimensi yang mencakup tingkat keparahan, agensi, tanggung jawab, proporsionalitas, perlindungan, dan resiprositas. Kerangka ini dikembangkan oleh penelitian ini, bukan dirumuskan langsung oleh Mill, dan berlandaskan terutama pada Prinsip Kerugian Mill dengan dukungan Rousseau dan Voltaire. Kerangka ini membedakan advokasi disruptif dari intervensi koersif tanpa menganggap seluruh disrupsi sebagai tindakan yang merugikan.
Kata Kunci: Aktivisme Vegan; Etika Protes; Identitas Moral; Pemaksaan Fanatik; Prinsip Kerugian.