Every manuscript is checked using Turnitin. The journal requires a similarity index below 20% as an initial screening criterion. Manuscripts with a score at or above this threshold are returned for revision or rejected, depending on the editor's assessment.

Manuscripts scoring below 20% proceed to editorial review. Those at or above the threshold are returned or rejected.

The similarity index is a screening aid and is not the sole basis for determining plagiarism. Editors examine the sources of similarity, the accuracy of quotations, the acknowledgement of references, and the passages identified.

A manuscript with a score below the threshold may still be rejected if plagiarism is found upon closer examination.

• Using text, ideas, data, tables, images, or analytical findings without adequate acknowledgement
• Paraphrasing too closely without citation
• Duplicate publication that conceals the reuse of previously published work (self-plagiarism)

Before publication: The editor may request an explanation, require revisions, or reject the manuscript.

After publication: The journal will investigate and may issue a correction or retract the article. Authors are given an opportunity to respond before a final decision is made.